Research Publications

Abstract: Objective: Digital twins of adult Korean females were created as a tool to evaluate and
compare the sagittal relationship between the maxillary central incisors and the forehead before and
after orthodontic treatment. Methods: Digital twins were reconstructed for a total of 50 adult female
patients using facial scans and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The anteroposterior
position of the maxillary central incisor and the forehead inclination were measured. Results: The
control group presented a mean of 6.7 mm for the sagittal position and 17.5 for forehead inclination.
The study group showed a mean of 9.3 mm for the sagittal position and 13.6 for forehead inclination.
Most Korean females seeking orthodontic treatment had their maxillary central incisor anterior to
the glabella. In contrast, fewer Korean females who completed their orthodontic treatments had
their maxillary central incisor anterior to the glabella. Furthermore, patients who had completed the
orthodontic treatment were more likely to have the maxillary central incisor between the forehead
facial axis and glabella. Conclusion: The use of digital twins for three-dimensional (3D) analysis of
the profile implies a high clinical significance. In addition, as the facial profile of Koreans is different
from that of Caucasians, careful consideration should be made when setting treatment goals for the
anteroposterior position of the maxillary central incisors.

Keywords: single upper central incisor; face; computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging; conebeam computed tomography